The process of reform in the agricultural sector in China - 2750 Words

The process of reform in the agricultural sector in China (Term Paper Sample) Content: The process of reform in the agricultural sector in ChinaNameCourseInstructorDate China is an Asian country whose population is extremely high thus putting much pressure on the food produce available in the economy. The number of people who need food resources is high thus implying that the government has to devise mechanisms of ensuring that it meets this basic requirement. The government perceives agriculture as one of the most essential industries that are necessary for economic growth and development where efforts have been made to increase the food supply in the economy (Li, 2010). China is an economy that is expanding tremendously in the global economy owing to the numerous industries in the economy that are able to produce lots of products for export purposes. China has also been exporting food products implying that there is plenty of it in the local economy to the extent that it surpasses the local demand thus warranting export.There have been various reforms that are credited for enhancing the increase in value of agricultural production, which grows at a rate of 4.8% annually, which represents an increase of 2.75% more than what was achieved 26 years earlier (Li, 2010). The output of meat, fruits, aquatic products, and edible oil has increased tremendously as a result of these reforms. There have also been structural changes in agricultural production where new methods of doing things have come in as a result of technological improvements.Before the onset of the agricultural reforms in this economy, almost one third of Chinese living in rural areas were underfed. The problem was fixed by the tremendous reforms that were introduced by joined efforts of the government and the private sector. According to Wouters (2012), majority of Chinese live above poverty line at the moment since they enjoy an abundant supply of food resulting from the improvements in agriculture.The origin of agricultural reform of China begun under the central plan ning mechanism that was initiated in 1950s when the government installed the soviet style of planning that was to steer industrialization in the country (Findlay Martin, 1993). Agriculture productivity was quite low by that time implying that majority of Chinese had to depend on little food supplies that they could cultivate on their farms or trade with their neighbors. The government came up with reforms that supported agriculture helping to provide farm equipment to organizations and individuals. After this, the government followed up by setting procurement and marketing board, which was charged with the responsibility of purchasing agricultural products from farmers and sell abroad where prices were high to help in the foreign exchange that was re-invested in agriculture and other related processing industries.The first reform that was witnessed in agriculture was the change of the production system. The Chinese people together with their leaders managed to come together to ensu re an increase in the rate of production in the economy. Li (2010) claims that the households were encouraged to increase their production level by being allowed access to farm inputs at cheap prices while the government used to help them to market the produce to the urban centers where the demand for the farm produce and food in particular were extremely high. It implies that the rural agriculture sector was playing a significant role as a producer of raw produce where the produce could be taken to the urban centers inform of food or raw materials to the variety of agriculturally based industries for processing. The government came up with the contract farming system to replace the collective farming system that was widely used in the previous years (Binswanger-Mkhize et al., 2009). Under the collective system, farmers were encouraged to join cooperative societies to get incentives to increase their productivity. The contract system was to safeguard the interests of the farmers wh ere they were now allowed to enter in contracts with firms to supply them farm produce and agreed upon terms and conditions.The reforms involving the price and market system are also regarded as the process that led to massive transformations in the agricultural sector of china as a whole. By the time these new reforms were introduced, the institutional and structural transformation of the agriculture sector was almost complete where the household-based farm production was functioning well in supplying the farm produce to various markets that had been made available especially in the rural areas. The process of marketing and price systems especially regarding cotton and grain was essential and is still essential from the early days.Currently, the Chinese government is still concerned about the need to introduce further reforms in the agricultural sector. One of the areas that are under consideration is the pricing mechanism that shall enhance productivity and competitiveness. The Co mmunist party leaders have indicated that there is need to support the issue of having a market based economy where there is no intervention in the prices and pricing of firms (Binswanger-Mkhize et al., 2009). This is a reform that is going to help the Chinese products to become competitive in the global market since the prices will tend to reflect the costs incurred in production and distribution. There are social aspects that are embedded in the current pricing system where the government normally subsidize or help the farmers to produce their products. In such a scenario, the produce can get to consumers at relatively low prices. Majority of the rural dwellers are able to access various agricultural products at cheaper pieces. The local industries that depend on the agricultural products as source of inputs are helped by the government to get the required inputs at low prices for them to produce at low costs. The products produced by the agro-based industries are taken to the int ernational markets as exports thus earning foreign exchange.There was a contract system, which had been initiated in 1979 that increased procurement activities of 18 major agricultural products that led to an increase in prices to up to 25%. There was a need for more reforms to ensure that the prices of products were fair enough to ensure that the farmers got value for their efforts. Marketing and price mechanisms were supposed to help the farmers to access markets at reasonable prices. There were numerous mechanisms and effort by the government to market the farm produce to industrial and domestic consumers Binswanger-Mkhize et al., 2009). These were responsible for the purchase of produce from farmers to enable them to expand their activities to a large scale thus leading to increased production to meet the escalating demand fin the economy.The economy has benefited from the tremendous growth in the agricultural sector that has derived most of its success from the establishment an d popularization of Household Responsibility System (HRS) that has led to the independence of farmers thus enabling the growth of the market economic system. The agricultural commercialization in China is credited as a reform that has enhanced the increase of farm products and production factors, which have ended up giving regulation a driving role in the agricultural economy (Findlay Martin, 1993). The growth of this industry has been credited to the signing of numerous international trade pacts between China and her trading partners as the US under the surveillance of World Trade Organization to ensure and facilitate fair trade. Data collected by Li (2010) shows that the marketing reforms that paved way for international trade were responsible for the major milestone that was seen in 1998 where China made history by exporting agricultural products that were worthy over US $26.2 billion. It was a milestone that opened doors for increased exportation of agricultural products to for eign countries to earn China the much needed foreign exchange.The economy has always been changing rapidly due to various developments and transformations witnessed both in Chins and around the world. The period between 1980 and 2010 saw China record large increases in population, which meant that the government and other stakeholders had to go to the drawing table to draft new strategies to ensure food security in the local setting (Wouters, 2012). It was argued by various economists that it was only through meeting local demand for agricultural products that will pave the way for increased participation in the global market. The demand and supply for food have almost been nearing the same mark thus prompting the stakeholders to react by devising modern mechanisms of ensuring productivity.The agricultural strategies that have been implemented include use of modern methods of farming based on scientific principles and methods where thorough research activities and use of modern tech nology are incorporated in the sector. These reforms have had both their advantages and disadvantages to the economy as a whole. Among the reported disadvantages is the idea of enhancing a surplus in the demand and supply equation (Findlay, Martin, 1993). The surplus has been cited as a blessing in disguise since it has majorly been occurring at the low-income level thus making it to be a structural problem to the economy.The shortage of agricultural produce to feed the ever increasing number of industries under the industrialization process of china has led to a new thinking among the government and private stakeholders (Findlay Martin, 1993). The outcome of the new deliberations that the government has been engaging farmers, experts, and other interested parties have led to the decisions that have enhanced the conducting of strategic adjustment in agriculture. These decisions are targeting to have improvements in the quality ...

Progeria Adolescents Living in the Bodies of the Elderly...

One hundred and thirteen children have the mind of an adolescent, but the body of the elderly. (Gordon) These children are dealing with the deadly disease known as Progeria. The main cause of this is a minute genetic mutation, which leads to an abundant amount of symptoms. Progeria does not affect a ubiquitous number of people; however, it still has an impact on the victim and their families. In the beginning stages, the child grows slowly without any weight gain resulting in the appearance of aging. The childs life is also affected due to the symptoms, tests, and treatments they experience. Progeria is a rare ailment in adolescents that stems from a specific genetic abnormality for which there is no current cure, and it dramatically†¦show more content†¦Some ways to detect Progeria are genetic tests of the patient’s blood and clinical exams. Furthermore, the major signs begin developing when the child is around eighteen to twenty-four months old and he will experienc e accelerated aging even though he was born looking normal. One major symptom is hair loss. Patients are born with hair texture and color, but around six months to two years, the hair begins to fall out. Then, from two to three years, they are usually bald, but might have some thin, light hair. Loss of eyelashes and eyebrows are also experienced. Along with hair loss, these children grow slowly resulting in a shrunken physique and minimal weight gain. For males, their approximate height and weight are 40 inches and 25 pounds; but females are about 32 inches and 20 pounds. In When Good Things Happen to Bad People, doctors have stated these kids will grow to be very short, and would never grow much beyond three feet.( Kusher 1-2) Moreover, there are distinctive physical traits in the face and body. By the second year of life, there is also under development (hypoplasia) of the facial bones and the lower jaw. (Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria) Also, the face appears disproportionately small in comparison to the head, and bones of the front and the sides of the skull (cranium) are unusually prominent. (Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria) Some other characteristics observed in the face are a thin

Comparative Study for Tess of Durbervilles and Jude of the Obscure - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1713 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2018/12/29 Category Literature Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Level High school Tags: Character Analysis Essay Novel Essay Did you like this example? The book of DUrbervilles, the problems of Tess tend to start when his father comes to know that their family came from ancient family. She experiences pressure which makes her to approach Alec DUrberville who seduces her. Later they bear a kid together but the kid dies at her infancy stage. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Comparative Study for Tess of Durbervilles and Jude of the Obscure" essay for you Create order Thereafter, Tess falls in love with Angel. She tells her story of DUrberville to Angel who does not become happy about it because he says she is not pure hence he leaves claiming that DUrberville may come back to her. Tess becomes desperate up to an extent where she become the mistress of Alec until Angel comes back. Tess kills Alec and escapes with Angel but she is later caught and charged with murder and eventually she is killed. On the other hand Jude has an ambition of joining the university. He is distracted by the village girl and they end up delivering the child together. Later they separate and Jude tries to pursue her dreams and goals (Hardy, 12-14). The university rejects him hence leading him to work as the stonemason. In the process he come to meet his cousin who is more educated and intelligent than him. In the process they start a relationship and finally they end up having kids together. They experience a lot of problems together up to an extent the kid of Arabella kil ls the kid they have delivered with her cousin. The kid of Arabella finally kills himself. At the end the two separates and her cousin goes back to her husband and Jude goes back to Arabella who they had kid together before. The paper is going to explore different aspects that are read from the two books. The aspects are, the changing of the ideas for the Social Class, women being dominated by the men, love, the existence of injustice and the naturalistic nature. In Hardys book, Jude is portrayed as the dreamer. Jude becomes a prisoner for her own physical nature and one of the desperate haunting creations. Jude is dark and not sympathetic account for the insuperable obstructions of the existence of human that show the yawning of Hardy for spiritual values that passed and the despair of their fall. In DUrbervilles, Hardy shows the issues about the mores that concern the sexuality in the society. This done through him questioning the compassionate of the society and the defending of the heroine who becomes seduced, and raped with the son of the employer. She delivers an illegitimate child and she is rejected by the man who she married and loved. She is finally killed for the murdering of the original lover (Thomas, 34-45). Hardy brings out the class of the education system as being challenged. This is through the defeat of the aspirations of Jude to the knowledge. At this moment the mortality becomes affronted in a way that it is sympathetically shows Jude and Sue changing partners leading to having kids together without the knowledge of marriage in their minds. On the other hand Tess is seen moving from one world which has beautiful regions within Marlott. She descends to the slopes to have a claim kin and there the environment is cool and formal but it is contrived. In Talbothays is the place where Tess comes to experience the great joy and happiness. The place is green and at the same time it is fertile. On the other hand the region of Flintcomb-Ash is barren showing the harshness for the work of Tesss life. Finally the narrative comes into an end in an equal way of mysterious region (Lall, 40-75). Unfairness is observed in the life of Tess and his family generally up to an extent that it becomes as if it is the aspect that is general for human survival for Tess for dUrbervilles. Tess has no intention of murdering Prince nevertheless she receives the punishment though like how Alec was punished in the unfair way for the rape that was conducted by him. Nor do we seem to have any kind of justice that is being waited for in heaven? Tess shows the images of the significance for societal class of England at nineteenth-century plus the hardship for the class that is defining in the simple way. Therefore the theme which is recurrent is which shows how the men tend to dominate the women, having power over them connected primarily to the maleness of their own (Millgate, 93-115). The central theme of Hardys novel is love. This is clearly shown through the emphasis for the part that women played through the human drummer. Hardy tries to show that the existence for women as a whole, was love. He shows their sweetness, courtly, frailly, submissiveness and the caprice. He tries to represent them when they are fault through the tender chivalry. He has sympathy to women and the suffering of Tess. The attitude was partially because his temperament he was born for the love of fair sex. But it is as a result of his own view towards the human nature. Women are shown in a way that they depend on fate hence it causes tragedy to them. Tess therefore becomes the victim of the men for whom she had love for Angel. The strong sympathy that Hardy has driven him to become hostile to such kind of idealism. Tess represents those victims with supernatural forces (David, 511-522). The final paragraph of DUrbervilles shows the immortals for the spot of the novels of the heroine. Jude shows the tragedy for the fulfilled aims that are thwarted within the two agencies which are distinct hence showing the ambitions of the man who is poor and man who is weak in terms of character. The adequacy of these leads to obstacles which are abundantly proved but the main characters Jude and Sue become conscious. On top of that there is also deeper hostility which is more comprehensive and Tess becomes the impeachment of the divine and human agencies. Jude expresses his sympathy for women in his sub-title A pure woman faithfully presented. The critical handling that Jude employees led to the end of the warfare of Hardy with most critics. Jude as the hero becomes the late comer in the long line for the Victorian characters who are fictional. The young talented man tries to show the position he stands for contrary to the ads for the society (Tomalin, 113-145). DUrbervilles shows the complex pictures for importance of the social during the nineteenth century of England plus difficulties for defining the class in a simple way. Durbeyfields become the powerful emblem whereby the class becomes no more in terms of evaluation in the Victorian times as the way it could be during middle Ages. Durbeyfields have the purity in terms of blood despite the person plus almost everyone in the book, hence this this leads to pieces for the genealogical trivia. In the context of Victoria, money matters a lot as compared to the issue of lineage which shows how Simon the father of Alec was successful in the usage of his fortune, which was large in terms of purchase for the lustrous family, and transformation of his clan to the Stoke-dUrbervilles. These issue of the class confusion goes further to affect the Clare clan, whose son is the most promising, Angel, who intends to become the agriculturalist and wedding of the maid, hence sidestepping the freedoms of t radition for the Cambridge schooling plus the rectory. His readiness to toil alongside the labores for a ranch gives him help to ingratiate him towards Tess, hence their associate may not become potential if he was extra of the old-style. Therefore the characters who are in the triangle of Angel, Tess and Alec become powerfully marked by the misperception concerning their societal classes (Woodhall, 90-120). Most of the features in the novel tend to be based on the naturalistic theory. The milieu is the environment where the people reside hence it serves the importance for the lives for the characters and heredity hence therefore it becomes one of the naturalistic influences. It plays the role of determining temperaments for the characters, their deeds, behaviors and the mental deposition. Social and the natural setting is visibly seen by main characters of the book. This is because their background tend to be portrayed at a greater detail. Milieu tend to influence the lives of people in the different degree and manner. Clair is heard saying that unfairness has become dominant amongst the life of Tess plus his family to the level that it is seen as normal in their existence. Christianity shows that there is compensation later after life for the unhappiness of the suffering in this life. The forces that tend to control life are irregular and are not fit shown to people. Pre-Christian serv ices that are done with the workers of the farm at beginning of the book plus the last rest of Tess in Stonehenge help us to recall of the world which gods tend not to be fair but are uncaring in nature. This is shown through the quoteJustice was done, and the President of the immortals had ended his spot with Tess.(Yeganeh, 60-79). Discrimination of women by men is seen when Alec acknowledges that he seduces Tess at his own benefit. The abuse that Alec shows to Tess becomes the most serious occurrence that shows the dominance of male over women. Another good example is seen when Angel says that he has preference for Tess, the friend to Tess, Ratty, wants to commit suicide and also a friend to her, Marian, ends being alcoholic which leads to their past youngster who falls for Angel look alarming. The offence does not just show affection but the fascination which is not healthy. The girls seem to be having a desire for the man who does not realize that the women have an interest in him. This shows how women are more unsettling as compared to the outward of Alec and the cruelty. Lastly, the two novels bring out the tragic stories for the single life. They tend to bring the realism of nature in an understable way. The issue of symbolism is brought out well and in a clear manner.

Wind Powers Power to Create Electricity Essay - 1081 Words

Earth, as of today, is a world run by fuels and electricity. Every man, woman, and child is directly affect by them, whether it is by its consumption, uses, or price. One of the more recent sources for these fuels and electricity isn’t actually very recent at all. Wind Energy, or Wind Power when it is being converted into a useful form of energy, has actually been around for thousands of years. It has been used to push ships, as natural ventilation, and to pump seawater.{Insert thesis Here} James Blyth was a Scottish scientist who created the first electricity generating windmill, which powered his vacation home in Marykirk, Scotland. The United Kingdom soon ruled his invention uneconomical, or a waste of time and resources, because they†¦show more content†¦Later, wind energy served mankind by energising his grain grinding mills and water pumps. During its transformation from these crude and heavy devices to today’s efficient and sophisticated machines, the technology went through various phases of development†¦.The earliest documented design of wind mill dates back to 200 B.C. The Persians used wind mills from grinding grains during this period. (Sathyajith Mathew 2) By the 14th Century, Windmills were being used as tools to drain the Rhine delta by the Dutch. In the 1900s, the massive amount of windmills in Denmark was producing roughly 30 Megawatts of electricity. That is roughly enough electricity to power a small to medium sized town. It is al so enough to provide power to any one of these: 8,000 average homes, 400 fast food restaurants, 60 large retail stores, 50 grocery stores, 40 large home improvement stores, 2 Sears towers, 1 computer data center. The efficiency of a windmill, or the more modern wind turbine is one of the most critical factors of production. With some certain wind turbines, the efficiency can and may degrade slightly over time, but the time it takes for the production value to drop 10% is almost 20 years after the construction of that turbine, and even with that, not all turbines will degrade at that rate. Also, not all of the energy of the blowing wind is useable, because as the scientific law of the conservation of mass states that as much mass that enters the wind turbine must also exitShow MoreRelated Nuclear Power Essay1921 Words   |  8 PagesNuclear power is a technology that has enormous benefits for humankind. As the demand for energy is only continuing to grow, it has become important to develop energy technology that has good yield and minimal negative side effects. After the harnessing of the atom for use in nuclear weapons, the knowledge of how to exploit the atom became incorporated in nuclear power plants (Corradini 1). These use uranium fuel in a process that releases tremendous amounts of energy to be captured, but alsoRead MoreNuclear Power Is A Technology1910 Words   |  8 PagesNuclear Power Nuclear power is a technology that has enormous benefits for humankind. As the demand for energy is only continuing to grow, it has become important to develop energy technology that has good yield and minimal negative side effects. After the harnessing of the atom for use in nuclear weapons, the knowledge of how to exploit the atom became incorporated in nuclear power plants (Corradini 1). These use uranium fuel in a process that releases tremendous amounts of energy to be capturedRead MoreNuclear Power Is A Technology2205 Words   |  9 Pages-------------------------------------------------------- Nuclear Power Nuclear power is a technology that has enormous benefits for humankind. As the demand for energy is only continuing to grow, it has become important to develop energy technology that has good yield and minimal negative side effects. After the harnessing of the atom for use in nuclear weapons, the knowledge of how to exploit the atom became incorporated in nuclear power plants (Corradini 1). These use uranium fuel in a process thatRead MoreIs Offshore Wind Power : Alternative Or Harmful Fossil Fuels? Essay1608 Words   |  7 PagesOffshore Wind Power: Alternative to Harmful Fossil Fuels We have the ability to reduce our dependency on burning fossil fuels that damage the environment and the solution is Offshore Wind Power. The difference in solar heating between the earth s equator and the poles, together with the earth s rotation, creates flows of air called wind. We can capture this form of solar energy with wind turbines that convert it into electrical energy. Creating this type of energy has little harmful impact toRead MoreThe Importance of Solar Power Essay947 Words   |  4 Pageseveryday, yet no one thinks much of it. Solar power’s importance, though, is above what anyone could have ever imagined. There is active solar energy which is when solar power is converted into light, heat, cause air-movement for ventilation or cooling, or store heat for future use. Less thought of, the other type of solar energy is passive energy, which most take for granted. Solar power provides life with heat, light, and now, electricity. Solar power also plays a role in 4 of the 5 areas of greenRead MoreThe Importance of Solar Energy Essay959 Words   |  4 Pagesevery day, yet no one thinks much of it. Solar power’s importance, though, is above what anyone could have ever imagined. There is active solar energy, which is when solar power is converted into light, heat, cause air-movement for ventilation or cooling, or store heat for future use. Less thought of, the other type of solar energy is passive energy, which most take for granted. Solar power provides life with heat, light, and now, electricity. Solar power also plays a role in 4 of the 5 areas of greenRead Morethough its capital cost is very expensive, but it lowers the social cost. The thermal power plants1100 Words   |  5 Pagesthough its capital cost is very expensive, but it lowers the social cost. The thermal power plants accelerate the climate change and pollute the atmosphere. It generates direct and indirect damages such as smog, acid rain, and natural hazards. Historicall y, London experienced deadly smog, and recently Chinese mega cities are experiencing the smog and haze. It creates the many mental and physical health problems, which means that the government’s budget leak to the public health insurance. ExtremeRead More Solar Energy Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pagespaced world that we live in, there are many issues that are looked over, energy is one of these. As a world, we are dependant on dwindling fossil fuel supplies and take for granted electricity, oil, and gas. There are four completely renewable sources of energy around us that should be used and developed, they are: wind, growing plants, flowing water, and the sun. These sources of energy are the ones we should be tapping, because they are reliable and renewable. Harnessing the suns energy is theRead MoreNuclear Power And Nuclear Energy1323 Words   |  6 Pagesplants provides a stable source of power in a clean and renewable matter, in areas where other resources are availabl e, the potential threat of nuclear meltdowns outweigh the positive benefits of nuclear energy as cleanups cost billions because of decontamination and unusable land so the number of nuclear power plants should be restricted so the risk of national and worldwide economic damage is minimized. Advocates of nuclear energy argue that the use of nuclear power plants provides a clean and consistentRead MoreEssay on Wind Energy2494 Words   |  10 PagesWind Energy is a viable industry that has become a valuable energy source. The energy generated from wind is clean and efficient. The wind energy industry helps to ensure that electric demands are met, wildlife impact is minimal, the environment is not devastated, as well as creates new jobs during the construction of wind farms, daily operations, manufacturing components, and exporting components to foreign countries. Development and Costs In 1986, the National Renewable Energy Laboratories

Cosmetic Surgery Life Or Image More Valuable - 1393 Words

Is life or image more valuable? In 2012, 14.6 million cosmetic plastic surgery procedures, including both minimally-invasive and surgical, were performed in the United States (14.6 Million Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Procedures Performed in 2012). There a people who lose their lives each and every day just because they are not happy with the way they look. Patients who desire a change in appearance go to a cosmetic surgeon where countless numbers of mishaps could happen and do happen. This is an unsettling fact for many; however, there is nothing that can prevent people from going to the cosmetic surgeons due to the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. Cosmetic surgery should be limited because these surgeries have too many†¦show more content†¦Most of the cosmetic surgeries performed are to improve facial appearance. In the United States, the most common cosmetic surgeries on the face are rhinoplasty, blepharoplasty, and rhytidectomy. Some nonsurgical cosmetic tr eatments include Botox injections and other procedures to hide wrinkles. (Cosmetic Surgery) The first reason cosmetic surgery should be limited is because there are several complications that could occur during surgery. The more surgeries one has preformed on them, the greater the chance of a mishap occurring during their surgery. These procedures have resulted in permanent disfigurement and even death. (Lusted, 13) â€Å"Patients with a history of cardiovascular disease, lung disease, or obesity are at higher than average risk of developing pneumonia or having a stroke, a heart attack, or blood clots in the legs or lungs after surgery. Other risks include bleeding, infection, skin breakdown, or accumulation of clear fluid (seroma) or blood (hematoma) beneath the incision.† (Cosmetic Surgery) Another reason cosmetic surgery should be limited is because most peoples’ expectations are not met after the surgery. â€Å"The results may disappoint patients, especially those hoping for an extreme change. Patients who look to cosmetic surgery as a way to improve thei r romantic

Do Voilent Video Games Cause Violence in Children Free Essays

Carolina Hernandez Do Violent Video Games Cause Violence In Children? 1. Introduction A. Attention Catcher: Imagine you’re in your room, all the lights are off, and you TV is on, you sit there holding a game controller, the words GAME OVER are flashing on the screen. We will write a custom essay sample on Do Voilent Video Games Cause Violence in Children? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The game was hard, you killed as many zombies as you could, and this is what you get?! A game over screen?! You play the level again. Mid-way through the level, someone opens the door to your room. The light stings your eyes, momentarily forgetting about the game, your character dies because a zombie ate his brains. You get so angry; you punch the person who made you lose the game! B. Listener Relevance Link: Most of you in this room play video games, right? Do you ever feel†¦angry after playing a violent video game? If you’re one of the people who don’t, it’s mostly because of your personality. If you’re an angrier person by nature, these video games should affect you more if you are. C. Speaker Credibility Statement: Let me start this off by saying I love video games. I have a video game in my backpack right now. Most of the video games I play are adventure games that involve fighting. Usually I’m not affected by them, unless I get competitive about it. My brother and I used to fight after playing a game if one of us lost, and sometimes it would result in fist fighting. My brother and I don’t play video games together that much anymore. Still, after playing a particularly violent game, I will not be angry, but my brother will. This is because we’re different types of people with different personalities, which results in different reactions. Video games never made me want to kill someone. D. Thesis Statement: All this results in one questions, do violent video games affect the player’s violent tendencies? E. Preview: In this speech, I’ll talk about the research done on this topic, and it’s results on how it affects children and teen’s violent tendencies. 2. Body A. First Main Point These days, video games about violence are the most popular types of games. The rating system the games are put through should be the answer, but when states have tried to keep underage children from playing â€Å"M† games, they are often challenged in court in favor of the said child who wants to play the game. Though video games DO cause violence, they are over-dramatized to how MUCH violence they cause. In one of my sources, the mild-manner personality types were least affected, while angry people by nature where affected more. 1. Sub Point Professor Patrick Markey Says â€Å"Their personality made a big difference. People who are extremely angry tend to be much more affected by violent videogames than people who are not angry and of course the opposite is true that people who are not angry are virtually unaffected by violent videogames. So it’s both the person and, in essence, the situation. † B. Second Main Point In 2003, teenager Devin Moore shot and killed 3 people in a police station in Alabama. After being found and caught by the police, Moore told them in a police interview â€Å"Life is like a video game. Everybody’s got to die sometime. This resulted in a lawsuit against the advertisers of Grand Theft Auto, the game that two of the families of the victims claimed compelled him to do what he did. (The game is like a simulated cop-killer. ) 1. Sub Point What I just told you was an extreme case of violent video games gone wrong. Most of the people who do play Grand Theft Auto play it for fun. Nicholas Hammer, a law student at the time who was demonstrating the video ga me for the source, says he, like every other person who plays violent video games, plays them for fun. But did you ever think that the reason a person did this was not just the video game, but the person itself and their environment? 2. Sub Point Moore was compelled to do what he did is based on his environment. Moore came from a troubled home and bounced from foster family to foster family. When you are a teenager, the part of your brain that manages things like impulse control and urges, is under development during teen years, not fully developed until our early twenties. David Walsh, a Children’s psychologist says â€Å"†¦ when a young man with a developing brain, already angry, spends hours and hours and hours rehearsing violent acts, and then, and he’s put in this situation of emotional stress, there’s a likelihood that he will literally go to that familiar pattern that’s been wired repeatedly, perhaps thousands and thousands of times,† So it was not really the video game in this scenario, but the type of person and their respective environments. C. Third Main Point Many states have tried to ban sales of rated â€Å"M† video games to those under 17; Minnesota even tried to make a law that would fine children caught with â€Å"M† video games that was unsuccessful. I believe that there should be certain laws made against minors buying â€Å"M† video games. 1. Sub Point I believe that there should be a law that prohibits minors from buying rated â€Å"M† games unless there is a parent or guardian there with them. This would make it harder for children to buy video games that are â€Å"M† because their parents would most likely not approve of them. 2. Sub Point Demos of the video game should be offered to parents for the parent to play before buying it for their child. If a parent is offered a demo, they are more likely to play it to see if they want their child to be playing this before they give them the actual game. 3. Sub Point Video game stores should have a mandatory ID or Driver’s License check when a minor is buying a rated â€Å"M† video game. 3. Conclusion A. Thesis Restatement Video games don’t really have a large part in violent tendencies, but it still depends on the type of person or their environment. But there should still be laws not allowing minors to buy rated â€Å"M† games. B. Main Point Summary These main points are all about how video games, and how to stop minors from buying rated â€Å"M† games. C. Clincher Whether or not, in the end, video games have a large affect on a certain type of person’s mindset, something should be done to stop minors from playing games that are inappropriate for their age. 4. References Campell, Colin. â€Å"Games Do Cause Violent Behavior (But Not Much). † business week. 25/4/07. Web. 22 Nov 2009. http://www. businessweek. com/innovate /content/apr2007/id20070425_615390. htm. â€Å"Can A Video Game Lead To Murder?. † 60 Minutes, Web. 22 Nov 2009. http://www. cbsnews. com/stories/2005/03/04/60minutes/main678261. shtml. How to cite Do Voilent Video Games Cause Violence in Children?, Papers

Past - Present And Future Of Australian Bank’s Regulations - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Past, Present And Future Of Australian Banks Regulations. Answer: Introduction Banking is a major sector in the economy of Australia and it contributes significant portion in the countrys economic condition. The financial sector of Australia is extremely liquid strong and sophisticated and therefore it is ranked at the fourth position in the entire world for the size of its pool of assets i.e. the investments funds. The banking sector of Australia constitutes mainly four prime banks which are as follows: Commonwealth Bank of Australia Westpac Banking Corporation National Australia Bank Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Due to the financial stability maintained by the banking companies in Australia and the activities offinance such as lending and borrowing functions, the financial sector of Australia has been rated as the best financial centres in the world. Apart from the activities of financial intermediation, the banks in Australia are also involve in other functions such as stock broking activities, financial market trading, insurance activities etc. The banking regulation includes different areas such as the legislative framework under which the Banks and other financial institutions are working, the regulatory bodies that are controlling the banking sector, the supervisory bodies of financial sector, licensing policies of banking industries etc. History of Australian Banks Regulations The first bank that was started in Australia in 1817 was the bank of New South Wales. The increase in the values of the properties in Australia caused the crisis in Australian bank. In the past, the regulation in the banking sector was not much stringent and there was no tight control of government over the banks of Australia due to which many commercial banks were failed to operate. The country had to face huge depression in 1930 due which there a series of bank failures. But after the depressions end, the banking regulation in Australia was made strict which made it nearly impossible to set up any branch in Australia for the foreign owned banks. Resultantly, the banks in Australia were quite less in comparison to the other countries. With the tight regulation, the Australian banks were bifurcated in two main categories i.e. the Savings Banks and the Trading Bank (Joshi, Cahill Sidhu, 2010). Since the regulatory framework for the banking industry was getting extremely strict, anoth er type ofnon-banking finance organisations in financial system were started getting developed like the credit union and the building societies. As these institutions were not recognised as banks they were free from the strict regulatory policies of banking system it privileged them give and take loans at higher rates of interest but at the same time they were allowed to provide only the limited services. However, the regulatory policies of banking sector in Australia were being removed at a slow pace in 1960 and as a result of which the classification of banks as trading and savings banks was nullified and every Australian bank was given the liberty to work as merchant banks to perform their functioning in the money market (Griffith-Jones Rodriguez, 2016). Moreover, the banks were given the independence to set the rates of interests on their own. As deregulation of banking industry was being carried out, the controls in the foreign exchange areas well also completely abandoned lea ding to the easy float of Australian currency i.e. the Australian dollar in 1983 (Singleton Verhoef, 2010). The changes in the regulatory policies allowed those non- bankingfinance institutions to turn into banks without any requirement of demutualisation. After this, in 1990 the Australian government started with a policy known as four pillars policy in context with the Australian Banking System, through which it restricted the mergers of the four major banks. This act of government was well established policy and not merely a formal regulation. Present Structure of Banks Regulations The regulatory framework for the banking system in Australia that is in existence recently is comprehensive and extensive primarily divide into two parts as shown and discussed below: However, the Australian banks are generally self-regulated. The Reserve Bank of Australia is also an important constitute of Australian banking regulatory framework. APRA is a statutory body formed for the regulation offinance industry in Australia. It was established in July, 1998. It was formed to regulate institutions like banks, insurance companies, building-societies, credit unions etc. so as to ensure they are financially stable to fulfil their obligations towards their depositors, policy holders. APRA is responsible for the supervision and providing the licenses to operate to various superannuation funds and the insurance companies (Dollery, Kortt Grant , 2013). The institutions of finance to whom APRA is regulating, are required to provide the report of their operations to APRA on a regular basis. APRA has announced certain guidelines on capital adequacy ratio to be maintained by banks, which are in line with the BASEL II guidelines. ASIC is an independent body with the key responsibility of regulation of certain financial companies and banks. Along with that it also has the responsibility of ensuring the protection of the consumers right, imparting financial literacy, overseeing the corporate governance practices, managing the financial services etc. As the regulators of Australian banks ASIC assesses the efficiency with which the banks are complying the regulatory requirements applicable on the Australian banks. Reserve Bank of Australia: The reserve bank is given the responsibility to formulate the banking policies and to issue of norms of operations of Australian banks. It is the central bank of Australia and the powers are assigned to it through the Reserve Bank Act. RBA also provides various services relating to banking to the government of Australia and to the other financial institutions and banks operating in Australia. The RBA seeks to encourage the maintenance of stability in the financial system of banking institutions and it also ensures the safety in the system of payments deployed by the banks. The currency notes of Australian country are also issue by the Reserve Bank of Australia. There is a drastic increase in the number of inquiries and investigations of the Australian banking institutions over last few years as the regulations towards the banking sector is getting stringent gradually. The bank regulators of the banks are requiring the banking institutions to be more compliant towards the rules framed therein. The violations of which includes heavy fines and penalty provisions. The regulations are quite tight in certain areas such as the money laundering activities, breach of banks code of conduct, activities of insider trading and other crimes in the financial areas are involving heavy litigations to prevent such an unethical conduct in banking sectors as public invests their huge funds in these financial institutions therefore a greater level of transparency is required to be maintained by the banks. Moreover, the current reforms that have introduced in the banking sector all over the globe have the objectives of enhancing the quality and quantity of capitals of banks and to instigate its consistency in the liquidity position of banks. These reforms are also targeted to achieve the greater level of transparency in banking sectors through the proper and necessary disclosures thereby strengthening the banks performance (Uddin Suzuki, 2011). In the past the original Basel Original accord 1988 was implemented and then in 2008 the new Basel Capital Framework was introduced. As with the new reform as Basel III, the compliance requirements have also increased (Eubanks, 2010). The committee which is handed over the function of implementation of Basel III is required to ensure the consistent delivery of outcomes in the banking sector. The proposal of APRA for the implementation of the Capital Reform Basel III was passed in the month of September 2011. And the banking institutions in Australia have to comply with the reform requirements at the soonest. At the same time APRA has refused to accept any alternative accounting treatment for particular items in the calculation of regulatory capital (Angelini, et al., 2015). The requirements of Basel III were applicable globally on the financial institutions, as a whole. However there is an element which is exclusively applicable to certain countries since Australia is one among those countries as it has very intense system of banking. The name of that element is D-SIB which the framework for dealing Domestic Systematically Important Banks. Future of Banking Regulations in Australia The banking in future will not be the same banking in current period as there are extensive forces which are influencing the Australian banking sector behaviour of customers, changes in democracy, technological advancements, governmental regulations and the depression in the global economy. To create the financial gains for the shareholders, the Australian banks needs to be remove the complexities of banking sectors and to be more compliant towards the regulations made by the government for the financial industries. According to Bill Clinton, the time of moderate or negligible regulations is now passed and the regulators of Australian banks have restarted to impose stringent regulatory requirements to the banking sectors. To improve the operations and the financial performance the banks in Australia will have to be re-focussed on their approach towards the compliances of regulatory requirements made by the Australian regulators of banking industry (Bologna, 2010). Not only the maintenance of transparency in banking functions is required out for better compliance of regulations but also the serious commitment of firm towards the goodwill maintenance in the market through excellent credit ratings. The eminent credit rating of a bank itself is the valuable asset for the banks as it will have positive influence on the regulators thereby helping the banks to avoid the unpleasant interventions of the regulators. Since the quality of any banks compliance practices towards the regulations is shared publically through the annual reports and the governmental mediums therefore the banks must not consider these regulations as the management of external risk on business rather these requirements should be assumed as the management of a most vital asset of the banks which is needed to be fostered. The privileges of having good or excellent credit ratings are enormous for any financial institution. The banks must accept that the major regulatory bodies such as APRA, ASIC and RBA are in the exclusive position to deal with the antitrust concerns that may prevent the banking company to incorporate the changes which are in public interest. The Australian regulations will still continue to remain focused on the corporate governance requirements for the banking and the other financial sectors. But the introduction of new capital requirements through the implementation of Basel III capital reforms will strengthen the banking industry and at the same time will provide the industry with the key challenges. In spite of the numerous global uncertainties such as delayed implementation of new capital reforms, APRA and ASIC are closely checking and monitoring the developments that are going on in the banking industry in todays era. The Australian regulators have to cope with the international standards otherwise it would lead to inefficiencies in the banking sector with increased level of risks. Even after the stricter regulations the banking sectors are encountering the issues of failures in the compliance requirements, violations of code of conduct with in the regulatory framework are being reported which requires holistic att ention of the regulatory bodies for Australian Banks (Jeucken, 2010). The banks top level management such as the Board of Directors etc. are required to define the corporate culture within their banking organisations so as to have a strong compliance framework. Therefore the Australian regulations needs to be more attentive towards these corporate values and must make the required rules in such areas. The regulations must also be extended towards the business strategies formulated and implemented by the Australian banks and the financial institutions and they should also provide for the interest of banks interests i.e. the banks must be regulated to not perform anything prejudicial in the public or the customers interests. The new standard on financial institutions are soon to be introduced in near future i.e. 2018 and they will put higher regulatory requirements to be complied with in accordance with the IFRS 9. Moreover, the new payment platform is also developed collectively by many financial institutions so that it will lead to detection of fraud done by the banking institutions, money laundering practices and will manage the liquidity and credit limits of the banks. From 2017 the Australian regulators together with the other international regulatory bodies will necessitate the collaboration with new participants to deal with requirements of daily margin maintenance. Recommendations for future regulation in Australian Banks Supervision over regulations The financial stability cannot be attained only through tight regulations as it also requires good amount of supervision at a higher level for the same. Regulations cannot be assumed as the alternative solution of supervision. As supervision has its own importance it must be considered and the drawback of extremely tight regulations on the banking industry must be analysed by the regulators. As APRAs has already been serving the Australian banking industry with the focus on supervision approach it must be retained further by the regulators with the implementation of new rules that are agreed upon (Brmer Gischer, 2012). Regulations and financial innovation The innovation that is being carried out in the banking or the financial system over several years has made it easy for the public to raise funds from banks at flexible loan terms and at lower interest rates. Innovation has helped the financial systems to maintain the risk involved in their banking business more efficiently and effectively. However, with such practices of innovation in their functions and services, it is difficult to frame the regulations for the new services as it is not very clear in the initial stage as to what the bank products actually are. So the Australian regulators must consider as to how to deal with the financial innovations coming up in the banking sector of Australia. However, the supervisor of banking industry must track the areas of financial innovations to supervise the banking companies to manage the risks in new areas of service. Conclusions It is well demonstrated from the above research that the Australian banks have performed much better than the banks in the other countries over a period of time. The main reason for the same is the APRAs strict regulations and supervision for the banking sector in Australia and also because of the sound economic position of Australian markets. The performance also indicates Australian banks higher standards of operations than that of other countries. International regulatory bodies along with the major regulators of Australian financial markets viz. APRA, ASIC and RBA have provided consistent and comprehensive regulatory frameworks to the financial institutions to adhere on and the Australian banks have responded to the regulatory requirements in an adequate manner. The regulations imposed by the governmental authorities have both positive as well as the negative impacts as these are good enough for the safety and transparency point of view, at the same time the banks tends to lose t heir key focus on the operations when they are much concerned about the compliance requirements. References: Angelini, P., Clerc, L., Crdia, V., Gambacorta, L., Gerali, A., Locarno, A., Motto, R., Roeger, W., Van den Heuvel, S. and Vl?ek, J., 2015. Basel III: Long?term Impact on Economic Performance and Fluctuations.The Manchester School,83(2), pp.217-251. Bologna, P., 2010. Australian banking system resilience: What should be expected looking forward? An international perspective. Brmer, P. and Gischer, H., 2012.Domestic systemically important banks: An indicator-based measurement approach for the australian banking system. Univ., Faculty of Economics and Management. Dollery, B.E., Kortt, M.A. and Grant, B.J., 2013. Funding the future: Financial sustainability and infrastructure finance in Australian local government. Eubanks, W.W., 2010.Status of the Basel III Capital Adequacy Accord. DIANE Publishing. Griffith-Jones, S. and Rodriguez, E. eds., 2016.Cross-conditionality banking regulation and Third-World debt. Springer. Jeucken, M., 2010.Sustainable finance and banking: the financial sector and the future of the planet. Routledge. Joshi, M., Cahill, D. and Sidhu, J., 2010. Intellectual capital performance in the banking sector: An assessment of Australian owned banks.Journal of Human Resource Costing Accounting,14(2), pp.151-170. Singleton, J. and Verhoef, G., 2010. Regulation, deregulation, and internationalisation in South African and New Zealand banking.Business history,52(4), pp.536-563. Uddin, S.S. and Suzuki, Y., 2011. Financial reform, ownership and performance in banking industry: The case of Bangladesh.International Journal of Business and Management,6(7), p.28.